Historical Activities in Panama

Historical biogeography of the Isthmus of Panama.

About 3 million years ago (Ma), the Isthmus of Panama joined the Americas, forming a land bridge over which inhabitants of each America invaded the other-the Great American Biotic Interchange. These invasions transformed land ecosystems in South and Middle America. Humans invading from Asia over 12000 years ago killed most mammals over 44 kg, again transforming tropical American ecosystems. As ...

Historical Logging in Eastern Panama Genesis of a Social-ecological Landscape

Historical, Demographic, and Economic Correlates of Land-Use Change in the Republic of Panama

The Republic of Panama recently experienced a limited forest transition. After five decades of decline, the total forest cover increased by 0.36% yr" between 1992 and 2000; however, mature forest cover simultaneously decreased by 1.3% yr". This limited forest transition at the national scale comprised two distinctly different patterns of recent forest-cover change related to historical land use...

Historical and Cultural Backgrounds of André Godard's Research Activities in Iran

Numerous foreign architects and researchers came to Iran from European countries in the first half of the contemporary century to carry out various activities. One of these figures was André Godard, whose cultural and research activities are of special importance in terms of variety and effectiveness. The present study hence aims to discuss the cultural and historical backgrounds that made it p...

Surgery in Panama.

L ike the country itself, the profession of surgery in Panama is young, and still largely unregulated. Many changes are taking place that will affect the way surgery is practiced in the near future. Some of them are good and necessary, while others are not quite so. For most of the 20th century, the private sector was the driving force behind innovations, but the current economic situation has ...